GT content is organized into 3 main categories. 

1. Structured curriculum like the courses: fundamentals, acoustic, blues, country, rock style courses.

https://www.guitartricks.com/beginner.php

Or the collections.

https://www.guitartricks.com/collections.php

2. Songs.

https://www.guitartricks.com/songs/

And you can sort & filter by styles, so you can see all the blues songs, for example.

https://www.guitartricks.com/songs/blues

3. Instructor directories.

https://www.guitartricks.com/instructors.php

The courses are streamlined, but if you want to go deeper into any given technique or idea there is material that isn't part of a course. And all of those can be found in categories on the instructor directories. For example, I have a whole section on learning blues licks. Go to my directory & scroll down to the Learning Blues Licks section.  Or whole sections on jazz, classical, rock guitar techniques, etc. 

https://www.guitartricks.com/instructors/155014

I absolutely can & will give you a list of tutorials to work on if you can be very specific about your goals.  With that in mind, I'll address the specifics of your post.

"I have practiced the minor pentatonic scale and know the patterns to some degree."

If you want to get serious about pentatonic patterns I have a whole series of tutorials on the theory.

https://www.guitartricks.com/tutorial/296

And how to apply it in different ways.

https://www.guitartricks.com/tutorial/185

https://www.guitartricks.com/tutorial/722

https://www.guitartricks.com/tutorial/737/

"However, having a general idea about what is what, feeling at home in a key, knowing which chords and notes to use there and generally knowing what a certain chord/harmony is needed to achieve what effect, such things must be the most important and without having this insight, it feels a little like running around in the dark and that is not motivating for learning isolated parts of the whole."

I have 2 collections that can help all of that.

This one covers the theory & application of improvisation.  I start with the basics of identifying the key signature, targeting chord tones & building melodic phrases.   Each tutorial get progressively more complex but always applying the fundamental principles.

https://www.guitartricks.com/collection/learning-to-improvise

And this one covers the fundamental principles of music theory.  

https://www.guitartricks.com/collection/music-theory

This collection covers chord theory.   How to visualize & play any and all major & minor triads across the entire fretboard.

https://www.guitartricks.com/collection/triads-and-inversions

"The other way, having the lyrics and a melody and then creating chords, is more difficult. I probably lack music theory…"

Yes, theory will help you understand how chords & scales are 2 different ways of looking at the same material.  And how a melody contains the info you need to know which chords are options for which notes.  My beginner classical tutorials cover that as well because so much classical music requires you to play the melody & chords at the same time.

"I want to focus on Blues for a while, because I like it and find it to be the mother of many other genres. Rock would also be interesting in that respect. In these studies I imagine using mainly electric guitar."

Either the blues or rock course will be beneficial.  Since you've paid for a subscription, then do them both!  But since they are time consuming it's a matter of priorities & goals that only you can assess.

"On the electric guitar I would like to be able to play a bit of soloing, not necessarily shredding it completely, just a little mood creation."

My improvisation collection will help with that.  But you also have to build a repertoire of licks to play.  My blues licks tutorials & collection will help with that.  I also encourage you to learn licks by artist you enjoy in order to stay motivated & inspired by the process.

"Learning notes: I am not sure if that is feasible or if tabs would be more beneficial?"

Learning the notes has no downside.  It will absolutely make you more musically competent.  Tab is also benefical.  Use them both.

"Eventually, if time and talent permits, I would be interested in playing Jazz. Which I now see as a really big challenge, for which you not only need great technical skills but also a profound knowledge of harmony."

That's a huge undertaking.  :)  I have this list of tutorials that form a basic GT curriculum.

https://www.guitartricks.com/forum/t/36491

Hope that helps!  Best of success!