So essentially, you're looking to add more complex chords to your progressions, correct?

Feel free to clarify if I'm misunderstanding you.

First, I would say this: Don't look to over-complicate your progressions. Most chord progressions are actually really simple, especially when you're talking about popular songs that we all know. The more complex chord shapes have their place, but generally speaking, you don't need to know them to create effective and catchy progressions.

If you want to start understanding those chords, I'd say it starts primarily with your understanding of intervals.

For example, a chord is (inherently) just a collection of intervals that all relate to the root note.

Here are a few interval resources I'd recommend starting with:

https://www.guitartricks.com/tutorial.php?input=362
https://www.guitartricks.com/tutorial.php?input=1590
http://www.guitarchalk.com/guitar-intervals/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_2i-APA4BQ (guitarlessons.com)

Once you understand intervals you'll have an easier time making sense of the construction and purpose of those other chords.

I hope this is helpful! If not, let me know and I'll take another stab at it.