That's why they call it "building" a fan base. If it were as easy as passing out flyers and everyone who reiceved one would show up, every little band in the world would be famous. Unfortunately, it takes years to build a reputation and a good sized following.
One thing you should try is to head out to a venue you're playing exactly one week before you play there and hand out flyers to the people there. Chances are, if they're out on that particular night of the week...say a Friday...then they are most likely out and about every Friday night. And the fact that they are at the venue you are playing makes them more likely to come out and see you the next week.