Originally Posted by: jaelerI asked the question, what modes would follow the C scale.[/quote]
The modes of the C major scale are:

C Ionian (major scale)
D Dorian (minor scale formula but with a major 6th)
E Phrygian (minor scale formula but with a flat 2nd)
F Lydian (major scale formula but with a sharp 4th)
G Mixolydian (major scale formula but with a minor 7th)
A Aoelian (minor scale)
B Locrian (minor scale formula but with a flat 3nd & flat 5th)

Originally Posted by: jaeler
So following jazz chord progession from F, that gives me an F major, a G dorian, A Phrygian, Bb Lydian. C myxilodian, D minor, E locrian, and an F major ...

Exactly!
[QUOTE=jaeler] (of course from there comes the tough part, I'll have to figure out how to translate that into pentatonic scales, would appreciate any help in that regard.)

Sure! Pentatonic major has 5 notes: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th. So, you'd play the pentatonic major boxes that correspond to those scale degrees.

F diatonic major:
F-G-A-Bb-C-D-E

F pentatonic major:
F-G-A-C-D

But keep in mind that as soon as you start playing pentatonic you are in essence disregarding the concept of diatonic modes, because you are only thinking about 5 notes, avoiding 2 that would flesh out the diatonic modes.

Here are tutorials aimed at understanding & practicing pentatonic scales.

https://www.guitartricks.com/tutorial.php?input=296
https://www.guitartricks.com/tutorial.php?input=722
https://www.guitartricks.com/tutorial.php?input=185

More here:

https://www.guitartricks.com/instructor.php?input=155014#Pentatonic_Shapes

Sometimes musicians make a bigger deal out of modes than necessary. In the simplest application a mode is simply any major diatonic scale but giving each note of the scale a chance to "start" the scale.

For example, if you are playing modes of F major, you are only ever just playing the same 7 notes over & again. In one sense, modes are simply a way of sequencing the major scale over & again.

Regarding jazz it can help to think in terms of modes, but I find it much more useful to think in terms of melody & chord tones. I do mention the "chord scale" concept, but only because it's something that one encounters in much jazz theory.

Another application of modes is to use them as modulation devices. But there again, I find it more useful to think in terms of chord & key changes. For example, changing from F Ionian to F Lydian is just a natural way of outlining a V of V chord modulating to the V chord.

One more application is to use them purely as ornamental devices. You use a mode because you like the sound of it in a certain place in music, disregarding key signature or chord changes. Here it really does help to know the individual interval formulas of each mode. And that's the unique characteristic of each mode, why it sounds as it does.

I cover that in my application of diatonic modes tutorial mentioned above. Hope that helps! Please ask more if necessary & have fun! :)